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Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad And The Film Apocalypse...

Dark, suspenseful, and altogether brutal is what describes â€Å"Heart of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad and the film adaption Apocalypse Now by Francis Ford Coppola. A short novella published in 1899, â€Å"Heart of Darkness† centers on the journey taken by the narrator Marlow up the Congo River with a Belgian trading company. Upriver he encounters the mysterious ivory trader, Kurtz and is brought face to face with corruption and despair. Set in the Vietnam War, the film Apocalypse Now follows the central character, U.S. Army special operations officer Captain Benjamin L. Willard, of MACV-SOG, on a mission to kill the radical and seemingly psychotic U.S. Army Special Forces Colonel Walter E. Kurtz. Coppola draws on Conrad’s characters in order to create Captain Willard and Colonel Kurtz, but in adapting these dynamic characters he changes the internal and external forces both main characters endure. Coppola creates interesting parallels between Willard and Marlow; Marlow’s voyage downriver to the heart of Africa and Willard’s mission on the Nung River in Vietnam. Both men are on journey’s to the darkest of places: journey into â€Å"self†, and the discoveries to be made there. Both are about men confronting fears of failure, insanity, death, and cultural corruption. However, both are also are drastically different at times. Ronald Bogue’s article â€Å"The Heartless Darkness in Apocalypse Now† provides a wonderful intake on commonalties and differences in the two works. He notes that â€Å"byShow MoreRelated Comparing Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness   Ã‚   In the opening scenes of the documentary film Hearts of Darkness-A Filmmakers Apocalypse, Eleanor Coppola describes her husband Franciss film, Apocalypse Now, as being loosely based on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness. Indeed, loosely is the word; the period, setting, and circumstances of the film are totally different from those of the novella. Yet, a close analysis of character, plot, and theme in each respective work reveals thatRead More Elements of Darkness in Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness1263 Words   |  6 PagesElements of Darkness in Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness certain elements of darkness attempt to show how deep one must look inside themselves to discover the truth. Conrad portrays the idea of the darkness of the human heart through things such as the interior of the jungle and its immensity, the Inner Station, and Kurtzs own twisted deeds. Coppolas heart of darkness is represented by the madness of the Vietnam War and how even to lookRead More Transformation in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesTransformation in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since Francis Ford Coppola’s   Apocalypse Now was based on Joseph Conrads novel, Heart of Darkness, it is possible to draw many parallels between the two works. Both can be interpreted as metaphors for a journey through the inner self, and each has its own particular message to convey. In many ways they also appear to have similarities to Arthurian Legend, in particular the quest for the holy grail, and other allegorical journeyRead MoreComparing Joseph Conrad’s novel â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and Francis Ford Coppola’s film â€Å"Apocalypse Now†1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe focus of this Comparative Essay is to evaluate the similarities between Joseph Conrad’s novel â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and Francis Ford Coppola’s film â€Å"Apocalypse Now.† Resemblances in both stories are prominent when reading the novel or watching the film. The resemblance which will be used in this essay will be the similaritie s between the protagonists in both stories, Charlie Marlow and Captain Benjamin L. Willard. Both men are in search of two other individuals that go by the same name, Kurtz.Read MoreSignificant Elements Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1326 Words   |  6 Pageselements of Joseph Conrad’s novella ‘Heart of Darkness’ are appropriated into Francis Ford Coppola’s film ‘Apocalypse Now’ in the setting of the jungles of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. As the title suggests, Conrad’s novel deeply explores the ‘darkness’ potentially inherent in people’s hearts. Heart of Darkness is set on the Congo River during the European occupation of Africa. Conrad explores the effect of exploitation on humanity. Similarly, Coppola’s film explores the metaphorical ‘darkness’ in VietnamRead MoreHeart of Darkness vs. Apocalypse Now Essay816 Words   |  4 Pages In Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now, both J oseph Conrad and Francis Ford Coppola create similar statements through their creations as they both centralize their views upon the effects of environmental changes that affect the human condition. The film Apocalypse Now vaguely reflects a similar message pursued by Conrad’s novella, due to the difference in time period, place setting, and circumstances in which the film was created. Conrad wrote his novella during British colonization, focusingRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Heart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now1353 Words   |  6 PagesApocalypse Now, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, is the story of Captain Willards journey up the Nung River in Cambodia to kill a general, Kurtz, who has lost control of himself. It is set in the Vietnam War and is a very gritty and affecting film. Imagine my surprise when I learned that it was sort of based on Joseph Conrads famous novella, Heart of Darkness. Conrads book, the tale of the sailor Marlowes African adventure, is a study o n the evils of colonialism. The two stories at first glanceRead MoreHeart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now808 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad and â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, a movie directed by Francis Coppola represent two outstanding examples that compare relevant ideas regarding racism, colonialism, and prejudices. The two combine film along with descriptive language to portray their mastery during different eras. For Heart of Darkness, Conrad uses his writing techniques to illustrate Marlow in the Congo, while in â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, Coppola uses film editing and close ups on important scenes with uniqueRead MoreComparative Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis: â€Å"Heart of Darkness† â€Å"Apocalypse Now† Student: Mora Vandenbroele Teacher: Azucena Estigarribia Year: 11th â€Å"A† â€Å"Heart of Darkness† vs. â€Å"Apocalypse Now† It is very interesting how humans are so intrigued about the evilness in the world, and the dedication of some men to compare Hell with the Earthly horror. Joseph Conrad, a genius writer, took his time to show this with his masterpiece â€Å"Heart of Darkness† that wasRead MoreHeart of Darkness vs. Apocalypse Now1031 Words   |  5 PagesTo win the top award at the Cannes Film Festival and be nominated for eight awards at the Academy Awards is an outstanding feat. Francis Ford Coppola s Apocalypse Now did not only that, but won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Coppola can not take all the credit for this enlightening movie. The film was loosely based off of Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness. Though Conrad was not credited in Apocalypse Now, his novella has a great impact on Coppola s cinematic masterpiece

Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart Free Essays

string(114) " distinct bulbus cordis in contrast to the inflow portion which arises from ventricular tissues \(Malcolm 1977\)\." CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Cardiothoracic ratio is the maximum transverse diameter of the heart divided by the greatest internal diameter of the thoracic cage (from inside of rib to inside to rib). (Herring, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart or any similar topic only for you Order Now In normal people, the cardiothoracic ratio is usually less than 50% but, in black people up to 55% may still be normal (Sutton 1988). Therefore the cardiothoracic ratio is a handy way of separating most normal heart from most abnormal heart. (Herring, 2003). A heart can be greater than 50% of the cardiothoracic ratio and still be a normal heart (Herring, 2003). This can occur if there is an ultra cardiac cause of cardiac enlargement which include; 1. Pectus excavatum deformity 2. Straight back syndrome 3. Inability to take deep breath because of obesity, pregnancy etc. (Herring 2003). The ratio may also increase in elderly. This may be to an in folding of ribs, reducing the thoracic component of the ratio (Sutton 1985). The transverse diameter of the heart can be measured directly on a radiograph at 1.83m (6ft) upper limit of 16cm for men and 15cm for women are usual (Sutton 1985). The advantage of a single measurement of that it can be held to be compared in serial films. At difference of 2cm is held to be a significant change. This applies only when the heart is originally normal (Sutton 1985). Normally, the third of the cardiac shadow lies to the left of the midline and one-third to the right (Berry 2003). In normal individual, the transverse diameter of the heart on PA film is usually in the range of 11.5cm to 15.5cm. it lies less than 11.5cm in about 5% of people and only rarely exceeds 15cm (Benny 2003). The maximum transverse diameters of the cardiac shadow at the chest radiograph film consist mainly of the diameters of the left ventricle and right atrium as shown by radiograph (Hada, 1995). The ratio is influenced by many factors, not only left ventricular dilatation or hypertrophy but also dilatation of the other cardiac chambers and aorta, rotation and shift of the heart, respiratory phase, body posture and measurement errors (Hada, 1995). Anatomy of the Heart Development of the Heart The development of the heart begins in the middle of the third week from the cardiac progenitor cells in the epiblast, immediately lateral to the primitive streak. Cells destined to form cranial segment of the heart, the outflow tract migrate first and cells forming more caudal portion, right ventricle, left ventricle and sinus venosus respectively migrate in sequential order. Series of developmental processes later leads to formation of a horse-shoe shaped endothelial lined tube surrounded by myoblasts in the cardiogenic field. In addition to cardiogenic region, other clusters of angiogenic cells appear bilaterally, parallel and close to the midline of the embryonic shield. Theseclusters acquire a lumen and form a pair of longitudinal vessel called dorsal aorta. These vessels later gained connections via the aortic arches with the horseshoe shaped region that form the heart tube. As the embryo folds cephalocaudally, it also folds laterally and as a result, the caudal regions of the paired cardiac primordial merge their caudal most ends. Simultaneously, the crescent part of the horse- shoe shaped area expands to form the future outflow tract and ventricular regions. Thus, the heart becomes a continuous expanded tube consisting of an inner endothelial lining an outer myocardial layer. The heart at this stage consist of three layers (a) Endocardium – forming the inner endothelial lining of the heart. (b) Myocardium- forming the muscular wall (c) Epicardium or Visceral pericardium- covering the outside of the tube. Various parts of the heart later develop from the fused heart tube. (Sadler T. W 2000). Gross Anatomy of the heart The normal heart lies within the pericardial sac in the middle of the thorax slightly to the left of the middle (Sokolow 1979). The low pressure right atrium and right ventricle occupy the anterior portion of the heart and the higher pressure left ventricle and atrium his posteriorly (Sokolow 1977). The long axis of the heart from the apex of the left ventricle to the root of the aorta runs upwards and backward at an angle of about 300 from the horizontal plane and 450 from the sagital plane of the body (Sokolow 1977). The resisting and position of the heart vary with the build of the patient and with respiration. It assumes a more vertical position during inspiration in tall thin persons and more horizontal position during respiration in persons with heavier body build. (Sokolow1977). 1.2 THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART The heart consists of four (4) chambers; that is the right and left atria and the right and left ventricle. 1.2.1 The Right Atrium The right atrium consists of two (2) embryological portions. (Malcolm 1977). The most posterior thin walled portion into which the vena cava and coronary sinus empty in from form the sinus venosus and is compose of similar tissues to that of the great vein. (Malcolm 1977). The more anterior muscular portion includes the right arterial appendage and the tricuspid valve ring (Malcolm 1977) The fossa ovalies lies in the site of the foramen ovale (Malcolm 1977). This inter-atrial communication within which is present during fetal life permits the flow of oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava into the heart (Malcolm 1977). The patent foramen Ovale remain open or potentially open in about 15% of normal subjects (Malcolm 1977) but since it is a flap value which only allows flow right or left, it is normally functionally closed (Malcolm 1977). 1.2.2 THE RIGHT VENTRICLE The right ventricle is triangular in shape and forms a cresentric, shallow structure wrapped over the ventricular septum (Malcolm 1977), it can divided into a lower inflow portion containing the tricuspid valve and upper outflow tract from which pulmonary trunk arises. (Malcolm 1977). The line of demarcation between the two portions consists of bands of muscles formed by the cristasupra ventricularis (Malcolm 1977). The outflow tract of the right ventricles is derived from the embryologically distinct bulbus cordis in contrast to the inflow portion which arises from ventricular tissues (Malcolm 1977). You read "Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart" in category "Essay examples" 1.2.3 THE LEFT ATRIUM The left atrium like the right is composed of a vein like portion which the pulmonary vein drains and make muscular anterior portion which includes the left atrial appendage (Malcolm 1977). Its wall is slightly thicker than that of the right atrium and the inner area corresponding to the fossa ovale can be seen on its right upper surface (Malcolm 1977). 1.2.4 THE LEFT VENTRICLE The left ventricular cavity is shaped like an egg. The base or the egg is formed by the mitral valve ring. The wall of the left ventricle accounts for about 75% of the mass of the heart. The aorta and mitral ring lies close to one another with the layer anterior mole cusp of mitral valve adjacent to the left and posterior cusp of the aortic valve (Malcolm 1977). The posterior immobile cusp of the mitral valve is shorter and together with the anterior cusp is lethered to the anterior and posterior papillary muscles in a parachute like shared by the two (2) cusps (Malcolm 1977). The interventricular septum which forms the outright anterior aspect of the left ventricle bulges into the right ventricle making the cross section of the mid portion of the left ventricle circular shape (Malcolm 1977). 1.3 EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE HEART 1.3.1 ANTERIOR ASPECT As viewing anteriorly, the longest area of the surface of the heart is formed by the triangular shaped right ventricle with the pulmonary trunk arising from the apex of the triangle above and to the right of the right ventricle, one can see right atrium appendages as an ear shape structure overlying the root of the aorta (Sokolow 1997). The grove between the right atrium and ventricle (Coronary sulcus) is often filled with fat and is occupied by the right coronary artery. Above the right atrium, the superior vena cava is seen entering the right atrium from the back . The anterior aspect of the heart reveals only a small part of the left ventricle lying to the left of the right ventricle and forming the apex of the heart (Sokolow 1977). The anterior interventricular sulcus often contains fat and is occupied by the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (Sokolow 1977). The only portion of the left atrium visible from the front is the left atrial appendages, which lies side of the origin of the pulmonary trunk. The lungs normally covers most of the anterior surface of the heart especially during inspiration having only a small area opposed to the back of the sternum and left ribs (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.2 LEFT SIDED ASPECT When viewed from the left side, the ventricle and the left atrium occupy most of the surface of the heart (Sokolow 1977). The posterior interventricular groove separates the left ventricle above from the right ventricle below. The posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery lies in the groove. The anterior ventricular groove runs almost vertically in the view separating the left ventricle from the left atrium (Sokolow 1977). The coronary sinus and circumflex branch of the left coronary artery lies in the groove and complete the ring of blood vessels forming the bases of the corona (crown) after which the blood vessels supplying the heart are named (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.3 POSTERIOR ASPECT The back of the heart mainly on the diaphragm is largely occupied by the left atrium and ventricle plus portions of the right atrium and ventricle (Sokolow 1977). The point at which all four (4) chambers meet posteriorly as called the crux at the heart; because of the cross – shape pattern of the blood vessels lying at the function of the posterior interventricular groove and the anterior ventricular groove (Sokolow 1977). The vessels forming the crux are; the coronary sinus and the posterior descending coronary artery. This latter vessel may be a branch of either the right or the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery depending on whether the right or left coronary artery is largely (dominant) (Sokolow 1977). The pulmonary vein enter the back of the left atrium and the pattern may vary but the two right and the left pulmonary veins are normally present (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.4 Right Side Aspect When viewed from the right side, the right atrium and ventricle occupies most of the surface (Maurice 1977). The posterior and the anterior vena cava enter the atrium at the back and the aorta runs upward from the middle of the heart (Maurice 1977). The outflow tract of the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk form the upper border of the heart in this view (Maurice 1977). 1.4 THE HEART WALL The heart wall is composed of the three layers of tissue, namely the; epicardium, myocardium and endocardium (Stephen 1988). The epicardium and the visceral pericardium are two names for the same structure. The sinus pericardium is called epicardium when considered a part of the heart and the visceral pericardium when considered a part of the pericardium (Stephen 1988). 1.4.2 THE MYOCARDIUM This is the thick middle layer of the heart, which composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the ability of the heart to contract, (Stephen 1988). 1.4.3 THE ENDOCARDIUM This is the smooth inner surface of the heart chamber, which consist of the simple squamous epithelium over a layer or connective tissue (Stephen 1988). The smooth inner surface allows blood to move easily through the heart. The heart valves are formed by a fold as the endocardium, making a double layer of endocardium with connective tissue in between (Stephen 1988). 1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are To measure the heart diameter, thoracic diameter and cardiothoracic ratio of normal individual in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. To give the comparison between the heart diameter, thoracic diameter and cardiothoracic ratio between males and females. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW In 1919, Danzer undertook one of the earliest studies of the cardiothoracic ratio. After investigation nearly 500 patients without the aid of hemodynamic parameters, He determined that any measurement over 0.5 or 50% was suspicious and over 0.52or 52% was definitely pathological. A latter report by comeau and white in 1942 found that 15 to 25% of normal patient had a cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.5 or 50% and advised that using CT ratio prediction labels based upon six, image technique and phase of respiration. A significant relationship was found between the radial measurement and age, which differ within ethnic group groups. The median value of cardiothoracic ratio was 43% in Caucasians, 44% in Asian and 46% in Africans. (Ashcroft Maills’ and Mekol). Mekol concluded that a single upper limit (e.g. 50%) for cardiothoracic ratio is unsatisfactory. It all subject with values of cardiothoracic ratio greater than 50% in the present sample had been recalled for more dedicated cardio logical investigation; this would have affected 2.2% of Caucasians, 4.1% of Asians and 9.3% of Africans limit of 5.3% in Caucasians, 52% in Asian and 53% in Africans would include 2.2%, 2.4% and 2.6% of each subject of these racial groups. (Mekol1982). Murphy M.L. in 1985 took routine posterior and lateral chest radiograph in 268 patients and analyzed to determine heart size. The coronary artery of this determination was compared with a specific ventricular mass derived from a postmortem cardiac partition technique. The data indicated that in the majority of cases (greater than 70%) a normal sized heart or cardiomegaly can be correctly determined from the chest x – ray either by subjective arterial or chamber enlargement or management of the transverse diameter (Murphy M.L. 1985). A recent meta-analysis of 29 studies determined that cardiomegaly on the cardiothoracic ratio was the best reason for predicting a reduced ejection fraction, with a sensitivity and specificity of 51% and 79% respectively (Badgett 1996). Comeau in 1942 said that it is important to recognize compounding factors of cardiomegaly such as an epical fat, a transversely positional heart. An expiratory film or decrease in thoracic width. In 1987, Kabala used a computed Tomography model in eight patients to show how the heart diameter and cardiothoracic ratio might change between anterior-posterior chest radiograph taken on 103 patients without cardiac failure and 106 with cardiac failure. An upper limit of cardio thoracic ratio of 55% and of heart chamber or 165mm in males and 150mm in females was shown to practice useful discrimination between normal and abnormal heart size (Kabala 1987). The cardiothoracic ration thoracic ratio increased with age in both sex but females have longer cardiothoracic ratio than men. Portable films taken in the anterior-posterior and supine position enlarge the appearance of cardiac silhouette (Milne 1988). CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 SUBJECTS A retrospective study was carried out in the university of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Department of Radiology, and using normal chest radiograph of two hundred and ninety-one (291) patients. 3.2 SAMPLE SELECTION The sample includes the normal chest radiographs taken from 2007-2009. All chest radiographs with abnormal result were excluded from the study. The age, sex from the chest radiographs was obtained. Hypertensive subjects were excluded. 3.3 MEASUREMENT A straight line drawn near the rule meddled of the heart shadow. Another line as in â€Å"a† from the right heart border to order to the first line was drown. A third line was drown from the left heart co-order furthest from the in the middle of the heart shown as the â€Å"b†. The two were then added together, the cardiothoracic rube as the own of the line â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† divided by the largest transverse internal diameter of the thoracic cage as shown on the figure 3.1 below. Figure 3.1 measurement of the cardio thoracic ratio. Cardiac diameter=A=B are the maximum extensions of the heart to the left and right of the midline respectively. CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 DISCUSSION The cardiothoracic ratio of males and females in the various age groups will be determined in future study. The ratio increased with age in both sexes but was more marked in females than males. Oberman in 1967 reported that women have higher cardiothoracic ratio than males. Men had larger cardiac diameter than women. The higher cardiothoracic ratio in women was due to their smaller thoracic diameter. This report supports the present study. Edge in 1984 also reported that the increase in cardiothoracic ratio with age found particularly in women was mainly due to contraction of the thoracic diameter rather than an increase in the cardiac diameter. Decrease in the chest diameter with advancing age indicates that cardiothoracic ratio over estimates the heart size in the elderly. Nikol and Wade in 1982 attributed that Africans have larger cardiothoracic ratio because they have smaller thoracic diameter and larger cardiac diameter. It was also noted that environmental factors such as poor nutrition and infection may cause cardiac enlargement with resultant increase in cardiac diameter and cardiothoracic ratio. 5.2 CONCLUSION The higher cardiothoracic ratio in females may suggest the reason of their susceptibility to infections arising from the heart and this could be correlated to clinical data. 5.3 RECOMMENDATION I recommend that any research on cardiothoracic ratio is best with chest radiographs. Females should always keep good hygiene because of their susceptibility to infections because of their large cardiothoracic ratio. REFERENCES Ashcroft MT, Miall WE (1969) cardiothoracic ratio in two Jamaican Communities. AM. J Epidemoil 89: 161-167. Badgett, R.C. Mulrow, P. Otto and G. Ramirez (1996). How well can the chest radiograph diagnose left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of Internal Medicine 11:625-634(medline) Comeau W J, White PD(1942).A critical analysis of standard methods of estimating heart size from Roentgen measurements. A M. J Roentgenol 47:665-667 Covoan N R (1964) The heart lung coefficient and the transverse diameter of the heart. Br Heart Journal 26:116-120 Danzer, C. S (1919) The Cardio thoracic ratio A M. J medical sciences 15:512-513 David Sutton (1993) A text of radiography and imaging, normal chest Fifth edition, Great Britain by William Clowes Limited London. P 530 Edge J R, Milliard F C, Reid L, Simon G (1964) The radiographic appearance of the chest in persons of advanced age. Br Heart Journal 26:769-773 Hada Y (1995) Cardio thoracic ratio 26 (1) :51-54 Kabala J T, White P. (1987) The Measurement of the size in the antero-posterior chest radiograph Br journal of Radiology 60 (718) :981-986 Krish namoorthy D M. (2001)100% cardio thoracic ratio Tex heart inst. J.28 (4):334-335 Kono F Suwa M, Hanada H, Hirota Y, Kawanaura K. (1992) Clinical significance of normal cardiac silhouette in dilated cardiomyopathy , Evaluation based upon echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging . Japanese Journal 56:359-365 Manninen H, Reines J, Partenen K, Tynkkyen P, Mykkannen L, Laakso M, Soimakalio S, Pyorata K. (1991) Evaluation of heart size and pulmonary vasculature conventional chest image intensifier photofluorography Manorana Berry, sudha Suri, Veena chowdheny , Sina Mukhopadhyay (2003) normal thoracic anatomy on various imaging modalities, Diagnostic radiology chest and cardiovascular imaging second edition , Jaypee brothers medical publishers (P) Ltd. India P(1) 16 Maurice Sokolow (1997) Physiology of the circulatory system clinical cardiology first edition large medical publication carlifornia PP1-9 Milne E N C, K. Burnett, D. Autrichtig, J. Manillian, and T J Imray (1988) Assessment of cardiac size on portable chest films Journal of Thoracic Imaging 3:64-72 (medline) Murphy M.L, Blue L.R, Thennabadu P N, Philps JR, Fenis EJ. (1998). The reliability of the routine chest roentgenograph for determination of heart size based specific ventricular chamber evaluation at post mortem investigation radiology 20(1) :21-25 Nikol K, Wade AJ. (1982). Radiiographic heart size and cardio thoracic ratio in three ethnic groups basis for a simple screening test for cardiac enlargement in men . Br Journal of Radiology 55(654): 399-403 Oberman A, Mayer A.R, Karuna T.M, Epstein FH, 1967. Heart size of adults in a natural population Feamesh-Michigan circulation 34: 724-733 Philip Thorek. (1985). Anatomy in surgery, thorax. Third edition springer Newyork (PP327) Rod R Seetey, Trent D. Stephens, Philip Tate (1998) cardiovascular system, Anatomy and Physiology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Newyork pp602-614 Seninge R.P and Lester R.G. History of cardiac radiology. Unpublished report 1970. Sadler T. W 2000. Langman’s medical embryology 8th edition. How to cite Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart, Essay examples

Annual Report of Alto Metals Limited Free-Samples for Students

Question: In your Evaluation of the Companys Performance, you should take account of Relevant Information in the Annual Reports Explanations for the level of Profits generated from assets and how the level varied annually between 2014 and 2016. Answer: Discussion: The overall assets of Alto Metals are mainly evaluated in the essay, where the companys overall return on assets is being evaluated. The overall annual report of Alto Metals Limited is mainly identified as the most viable document, which depicts the financial position of the company. However, the company mainly aims in discovering and acquiring gold mines for improving its profitability mining company. The company also aims for searching uranium object, which could develop more uranium mining facilities. The company has mainly conducted projects for search new depicts and mining for gold. Moreover, the revenue of the company has mainly increased from 2014; however, a sudden decline was witnessed in 2016. The company does not have any kind of constant revenue, which could support its constant increase in expenditure. The overall return on assets of the company has mainly improved from 2013 to 2016. Where the first ROA was mainly at -11.39%, -44.04%, -97.04% and then in 2016 it reached to -25.82%. This overall return on assets has mainly depicted efficiency of the company to utilise its assets. In addition, the improvement of ROA is mainly identified during 2016, where a decline in retune on assets from -97.04% went to -25.82%. The improvement in return on asset is seen to increase by 73.4% in 2016 as compared to 2015. This mainly suggested that increased improvement depicted by ROA states the effective measures taken by the company to support its activities. Weygandt, Kimmel Kieso (2015) stated that investors by using the return on assets could effective identify efficiency of the company to attain the required revenue by using the same capital. On the other hand, Damodaran (2016) criticises that ROA does not allow the investors to determine the risk associated with investment and only portray t he level of revenue attained by deploying certain fixed assets. The three-asset category and one income statement category could be evaluated, before actually seeing the return on assets of the company. The asset class, which needs effective inspection, are cash, property, and inventories. The evaluation of these three categories is mainly essential by the investors before seeing the return on assets. In addition, the income statement that needs to be evaluated is the sale of goods and products. The overall evaluation of cash, property, and inventories could mainly help the identifying the financial capability of the company. Vogel (2014) mentioned that evaluation of inventory could mainly allow the investor in identify the overall capital blockage in inventory store. On the other hand, Damodaran (2016) criticises that the evaluation of inventory does not allows the investor to detect the actual financial position; instead it helps in depicting ht cash generating capacity of the company. Furthermore, the second category, which needs to be evaluated by the investors in cash and cash equivalents present in Alto Metals Limited. The decrease in overall cash of Alto Metals Limited could be witnessed from 2012 to 2016, which is due to the constant loss incurred by the company during fiscal year. Relevant increase in cash deposited is mainly witnessed in 2016, as compared to 2015, which is due to the rise in profitability of the company. Brigham Ehrhardt (2013) mentioned that high cash availability could mainly allow the company to support its financial obligations in time of need and continue with its operations smoothly. However, Weygandt, Kimmel Kieso (2015) argued that increment in the overall cash availability mainly indicates the non-effective use of recourses, which is been conducted by the company. The fourth category, which needs to be analysed by the company is inventory system. However, Alto Metals Limited does not have any inventory, as it might have no impact on the overall sales of the company. Moreover, the category, which needs to be examined from income statement, is sale of the goods and the products. The evaluation of this category is mainly essential for detecting the overall profitability attained by Alto Metals Limited from 2012 to 2016. The company mainly accommodates other income and does not have any products, which is been sold to customers. The only income, which is been attained by Alto Metals Limited is from other sources. This income mainly stated to increase from 2014, while a relatively decline in revenue could be witnessed from 2015 to 2016. The evaluation of income statement and sales of products mainly allows in adding overall demand for companies products. However, being an exploration and mining company, Alto Metals Limited has still not achieved th e required projects, which could provide relevant income from sales (Deboeck Kohonen, 2013). There is relevant different scale from 1-10, which could be used in valuing the overall return on assets of Alto Metals Limited. In addition, the return on assets of Alto Metals Limited is mainly at -25.82%, which could be rated in the scale of 1. This scale 1 mainly depicts that overall results of retune on assets is very unsatisfactory. This unsatisfactory outcome is mainly due to the negative ROA of Alto Metals Limit. The company has not being conducting any kind of sales from 2012 to 21016, which is mainly declining its ability to utilise its assets. In addition, relative decline in total assets could also be witnessed, which is due to the sales of asset conducted by the company during 2016 fiscal year (Vogel, 2014). There are relevantly no ratios, which could be identified from annual report of Alto Metals Limit in 2016. This financial information of the company has effectively reflected in the real world, as no revenue was generated from operations, which led to loss. The company effectively uses Accounting policies which is been laid down by AASB. There is not significant change in the overall accounting policies. Furthermore, the Director and CEO Reports mainly depict the loses, which is continuously incurred by the company due to non-commencement of adequate operations. There is no limitation of the financial statement of the company as, it complies with all the relevant accounting method, which is been depicted by the AASB (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). Reference Brigham, E. F., Ehrhardt, M. C. (2013).Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Damodaran, A. (2016).Damodaran on valuation: security analysis for investment and corporate finance(Vol. 324). John Wiley Sons. Deboeck, G., Kohonen, T. (Eds.). (2013).Visual explorations in finance: with self-organizing maps. Springer Science Business Media. Overview, C., Secretary, D., Directory, C., Shareholders, T., Governance, C., Information, I. et al. (2017).Focus on gold exploration in Australia | WA Mining.Gold Focussed WA Mining Exploration Company. Retrieved 29 April 2017, from https://altometals.com.au/ Vogel, H. L. (2014).Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.